搞定802.11X

搞了一陣子，總算把802.11x的環境在家裡架了起來。
Test Environment:

- Windows XP SP3: 802.11x with PEAP and import CA that generated from FreeRADIU Server.
- OpenSUSE 11.2: 802.11x with PEAP and import CA that generated from FreeRADIUS Server.
- AP: Authentication via the Radius Server and configured data encrypt method as WPA2-AES.
- FreeRADIUS: Support PEAP as default.

總算是成功了:

To implement FreeRADIUS for LDAPs

架設流程：
Step1 ~ Step4 參考上次推薦的文章就可以架設起來，然而要實現FreeRADIUS for LDAPs只需要執行Step5就可以完成了，事實上也只是改變幾個參數。
1. To establish LDAP Server
2. To establish FreeRADIUS
3. To configure FreeRADIUS for LDAP
4. To establish LDAPs (TLS)
5. To establish FreeRADIUS for LDAPs:

修改step3中的radiusd.conf，讓FreeRADIUS知道要用LDAPs做認證。
# vi /etc/radiusd.conf
........................
ldap {
# set this to 'yes' to use TLS encrypted connections
# to the LDAP database by using the StartTLS extended
# operation.
# The StartTLS operation is supposed to be used with normal
# ldap connections instead of using ldaps (port 689) connections
start_tls = yes
tls_cacertfile = /etc/openldap/cacerts/client.pem
#tls_cacertdir = /usr/local/etc/openldap/ssl/
# tls_certfile = /path/to/radius.crt
# tls_keyfile = /path/to/radius.key
# tls_randfile = /path/to/rnd
tls_require_cert = "demand"
........................
}

測試:
於Server端執行radiusd -X，並於Client端透過radtest做驗證，以下是Server端的log：
rad_recv: Access-Request packet from host x.x.x.x:32896, id=190, length=60

219 User-Name = "ldapuser"
220 User-Password = "123456"
221 NAS-IP-Address = 255.255.255.255
222 NAS-Port = 0
223 Processing the authorize section of radiusd.conf
224 modcall: entering group authorize for request 0
225 modcall[authorize]: module "preprocess" returns ok for request 0
226 modcall[authorize]: module "chap" returns noop for request 0
227 modcall[authorize]: module "mschap" returns noop for request 0
228 rlm_realm: No '@' in User-Name = "ldapuser", looking up realm NULL
229 rlm_realm: No such realm "NULL"
230 modcall[authorize]: module "suffix" returns noop for request 0
231 rlm_eap: No EAP-Message, not doing EAP
232 modcall[authorize]: module "eap" returns noop for request 0
233 users: Matched entry DEFAULT at line 152
234 users: Matched entry DEFAULT at line 206
235 modcall[authorize]: module "files" returns ok for request 0
236 rlm_ldap: - authorize
237 rlm_ldap: performing user authorization for ldapuser
238 radius_xlat: '(uid=ldapuser)'
239 radius_xlat: 'dc=example,dc=com'
240 rlm_ldap: ldap_get_conn: Checking Id: 0
241 rlm_ldap: ldap_get_conn: Got Id: 0
242 rlm_ldap: attempting LDAP reconnection
243 rlm_ldap: (re)connect to x.x.x.x:389, authentication 0
244 rlm_ldap: setting TLS CACert File to /etc/openldap/cacerts/client.pem
245 rlm_ldap: setting TLS Require Cert to demand
246 rlm_ldap: could not set LDAP_OPT_X_TLS_REQUIRE_CERT option to demand
247 rlm_ldap: starting TLS
248 rlm_ldap: bind as / to x.x.x.x:389
249 rlm_ldap: waiting for bind result ...
250 rlm_ldap: Bind was successful
251 rlm_ldap: performing search in dc=example,dc=com, with filter (uid=ldapuser)
252 rlm_ldap: Added password {crypt}$1$/vvYrM2W$omOGg5A7NQVDxGcTb6afR1 in check items
253 rlm_ldap: looking for check items in directory...
254 rlm_ldap: looking for reply items in directory...
255 rlm_ldap: user ldapuser authorized to use remote access
256 rlm_ldap: ldap_release_conn: Release Id: 0
257 modcall[authorize]: module "ldap" returns ok for request 0
258 modcall: leaving group authorize (returns ok) for request 0
259 rad_check_password: Found Auth-Type LDAP
260 auth: type "LDAP"
261 Processing the authenticate section of radiusd.conf
262 modcall: entering group LDAP for request 0
263 rlm_ldap: - authenticate
264 rlm_ldap: login attempt by "ldapuser" with password "123456"
265 rlm_ldap: user DN: uid=ldapuser,ou=People,dc=example,dc=com
266 rlm_ldap: (re)connect to x.x.x.x:389, authentication 1
267 rlm_ldap: setting TLS CACert File to /etc/openldap/cacerts/client.pem
268 rlm_ldap: setting TLS Require Cert to demand
269 rlm_ldap: could not set LDAP_OPT_X_TLS_REQUIRE_CERT option to demand
270 rlm_ldap: starting TLS
271 rlm_ldap: bind as uid=ldapuser,ou=People,dc=example,dc=com/123456 to x.x.x.x:389
272 rlm_ldap: waiting for bind result ...
273 rlm_ldap: Bind was successful
274 rlm_ldap: user ldapuser authenticated succesfully
275 modcall[authenticate]: module "ldap" returns ok for request 0
276 modcall: leaving group LDAP (returns ok) for request 0
277 Sending Access-Accept of id 190 to x.x.x.x port 32896

Note: x.x.x.x 代表LDAP Server的FQDN或IP address。

介紹LDAP與FreeRADIUS的好文章

找到一篇介紹透過LDAP與FreeRADIUS做Linux系統帳號集中管理的方法，寫得挺不錯的，收藏起來。

Centralized Logins Using LDAP and RADIUS

Autoexpect Scenario

Autoexpect固然方便，但是很多時候還是必須手動改正Autoexpect所錄製過的script才能順利運行，以下將透過SSH登入本機後執行vmstat的指令來說明：

1. 執行Autoexpect：

# autoexpect

此時系統會產生一個autoexpect的shell環境，並將使用者的動作紀錄起來，離開時請輸入exit指令，之後系統會產生個script.exp的紀錄檔（By default）。

2. 執行script.exp：

lawrence@X60:~/Desktop> ./script.exp

spawn /bin/bash

lawrence@X60:~/Desktop> ssh root@127.0.0.1

Password:

此時會發覺停留在輸入Password:而不再有進一步的動作，這是為何呢？

3. 查看並修正script.exp：

原始script.exp（僅截取錄製的部份）:

set timeout -1

spawn $env(SHELL)

match_max 100000

expect -exact "]2;lawrence@X60:~/Desktop]1;X60lawrence@X60:~/Desktop> "

send -- "ssh root@10"

expect -exact [K"

send -- ""

expect -exact [K"

send -- "127.0.0.1\r"

expect -exact "127.0.0.1\r

The authenticity of host '127.0.0.1 (127.0.0.1)' can't be established.\r

RSA key fingerprint is fa:19:31:7a:ac:04:41:af:4c:38:b7:58:16:a3:14:f8.\r

Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? "

send -- "yes\r"

expect -exact "yes\r

Warning: Permanently added '127.0.0.1' (RSA) to the list of known hosts.\r\r

Password: "

send -- "1234\r"

expect -exact "\r

Last login: Fri Mar 12 17:06:12 2010\r\r

Have a lot of fun...\r

[1m[31mX60:~ # [m"

send -- "vmstat -n 1 5\r"

expect -exact "vmstat -n 1 5\r

procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- -system-- -----cpu------\r

r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st\r

14 0 25644 20660 26124 464024 0 1 17 23 881 255 7 3 89 1 0\r

0 0 25644 20148 26124 464536 0 0 0 0 1725 2206 6 2 93 0 0\r

0 0 25644 20404 26124 464264 0 0 0 0 1877 2234 3 3 95 0 0\r

0 0 25644 20404 26124 464224 0 0 0 0 1736 2186 4 1 95 0 0\r

0 0 25644 20404 26124 464224 0 0 0 0 1628 2168 3 2 95 0 0\r

[1m[31mX60:~ # [m"

send -- "ex"

expect -exact [K"

send -- ""

expect -exact [K"

send -- "logout\r"

expect -exact "logout\r

Connection to 127.0.0.1 closed.\r\r

]2;lawrence@X60:~/Desktop]1;X60lawrence@X60:~/Desktop> "

send -- "exit\r"

expect eof

問題1:

The authenticity of host '127.0.0.1 (127.0.0.1)' can't be established.\r

RSA key fingerprint is fa:19:31:7a:ac:04:41:af:4c:38:b7:58:16:a3:14:f8.\r

Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? "

預設SSH Server/Client連接時，會去紀錄對方的金鑰，也就是因為這個原因，讓expect沒有得到預期的輸出，因為SSH第n次連線後就不需要紀錄彼此的金鑰了。

問題2:

Last login: Fri Mar 12 17:06:12 2010\r\r

Have a lot of fun...\r

^[\[1m^[\[31mX60:~ # ^[(B^[\[m"

每次登入系統的時間一定會是不一樣的，所以把它也註解掉。

問題3:

procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- -system-- -----cpu------\r

r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st\r

14 0 25644 20660 26124 464024 0 1 17 23 881 255 7 3 89 1 0\r

0 0 25644 20148 26124 464536 0 0 0 0 1725 2206 6 2 93 0 0\r

0 0 25644 20404 26124 464264 0 0 0 0 1877 2234 3 3 95 0 0\r

0 0 25644 20404 26124 464224 0 0 0 0 1736 2186 4 1 95 0 0\r

0 0 25644 20404 26124 464224 0 0 0 0 1628 2168 3 2 95 0 0\r

^[\[1m^[\[31mX60:~ # ^[(B^[\[m"

當然不需要上一次vmstat的輸出結果，所以也需要註解掉。

修改過後：

set timeout -1

spawn $env(SHELL)

match_max 100000

expect -exact "]2;lawrence@X60:~/Desktop]1;X60lawrence@X60:~/Desktop> "

send -- "ssh root@10"

expect -exact [K"

send -- ""

expect -exact [K"

send -- "127.0.0.1\r"

expect -exact "Password: "

send -- "1234\r"

expect -exact "#"

send -- "vmstat -n 1 5\r"

expect -exact "#"

send -- "ex"

expect -exact [K"

send -- ""

expect -exact [K"

send -- "logout\r"

expect -exact "logout\r

Connection to 127.0.0.1 closed.\r\r

]2;lawrence@X60:~/Desktop]1;X60lawrence@X60:~/Desktop> "

send -- "exit\r"

expect eof

4. 執行：

lawrence@X60:~/Desktop> ./script2.exp

spawn /bin/bash

lawrence@X60:~/Desktop> ssh root@127.0.0.1

Password:

Last login: Mon Mar 22 16:11:29 2010 from localhost

Have a lot of fun...

X60:~ # vmstat -n 1 5

procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- -system-- -----cpu------

r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st

0 0 31016 27124 23500 454188 0 1 16 23 880 303 7 3 89 1 0

0 0 31016 29204 23500 451648 0 0 0 20 1815 1834 2 3 95 0 0

0 0 31016 29204 23500 451676 0 0 0 0 1821 1878 2 2 96 0 0

0 0 31016 29700 23500 451232 0 0 0 0 1763 2029 3 2 95 0 0

0 0 31016 29700 23500 451184 0 0 0 0 1807 2241 2 2 95 0 0

X60:~ # logout

Connection to 127.0.0.1 closed.

lawrence@X60:~/Desktop> exit

exit

lawrence@X60:~/Desktop>

Autoexpect雖然有以上的小缺點，但還是能加快script開發的速度。

於Linux中偵測HD溫度

於原文eliu兄分享的方法延伸出再多一點的應用如下：

1. 將HD溫度每60秒紀錄在/var/log/message中：

# hddtemp -d /dev/hda -S 60

Mar 19 15:08:54 server hddtemp[3253]: /dev/hda: ST320011A: 33 C

Mar 19 15:09:54 server hddtemp[3253]: /dev/hda: ST320011A: 33 C

2. 開機時啟動hddtemp：

# vi /etc/sysconfig/hddtemp

HDDTEMP_OPTIONS="-l 192.168.0.1 -d /dev/hda -S 60"

#-l: listen on a specific interface (in TCP/IP daemon mode)

#-d: run hddtemp in TCP/IP daemon mode (port 7634 by default.)

#-S: log temperature to syslog every s seconds.

# /etc/init.d/hddtemp start

# chkconfig hddtemp on

3. 透過另一台主機即時監看HD溫度：

# while true; do date +%F-%H-%M-%S;nc 192.168.0.1 7634;echo"";sleep 1; done

2010-03-19-15-13-23

|/dev/hda|ST320011A|33|C|

2010-03-19-15-13-24

|/dev/hda|ST320011A|33|C|

2010-03-19-15-13-25

|/dev/hda|ST320011A|33|C|

2010-03-19-15-13-26

|/dev/hda|ST320011A|33|C|

2010-03-19-15-13-27

|/dev/hda|ST320011A|33|C

To configure vendor specific information on Linux DHCP Server

This article will to explain how to configure the vendor specific information i.e., option 43 on Linux DHCP Server, maybe I'll use this function in the future.

Step1. To open and modify /etc/dhcpd.conf

1 ddns-update-style interim;

2 ignore client-updates;

3 option opt-43 code 43 = ip-address;

4

5 subnet 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {

6

7 # --- default gateway

8 option routers 192.168.1.1;

9 option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0;

10

11 option nis-domain "domain.org";

12 option domain-name "domain.org";

13 option domain-name-servers 192.168.1.1;

14

15 option time-offset -18000; # Eastern Standard Time

16 # option ntp-servers 192.168.1.1;

17 # option netbios-name-servers 192.168.1.1;

18 # --- Selects point-to-point node (default is hybrid). Don't change this unless

19 # -- you understand Netbios very well

20 # option netbios-node-type 2;

21

22 range dynamic-bootp 192.168.1.128 192.168.1.254;

23 default-lease-time 21600;

24 max-lease-time 43200;

25 option opt-43 = "192.168.1.100";

26

27 # we want the nameserver to appear at a fixed address

28 #host ns {

29 # next-server marvin.redhat.com;

30 # hardware ethernet 12:34:56:78:AB:CD;

31 # fixed-address 207.175.42.254;

32 #}

33 }

Step 2. Restart DHCP Server:

# /etc/init.d/dhcpd restart

# chkconfig dhcpd on

Step 3. Identify via packets record tool:

Wireless Network Basics guide

找到一本介紹Wireless Network基本常識的電子書，它是由NETGEAR所提供的，寫得還不錯，有興趣的朋友可以閱讀看看。

線上觀看

直接下載

題外話:

前幾天在家做了個測試，將位於3F的3com AP 7760的Power mode由Minimum設定成Full，然後跑到1F發現到laptop依然可以連接上AP，線上播放Youtube的Flash video還算流暢，瀏覽網頁還好，沒有很頓的感覺，訊號強度還有25%，這台AP應該是SISO的架構，有這樣的表現實在是很不錯，不過AP與我房間只有一牆之隔，所以還是把它改回到minimum了。

另外也把加密方法由WEP改成WPA2-AES了，我可不想被卡皇或螞蟻戰車這樣類似的破解AP加密的設備破解後，變成好鄰居AP呀～

[Shell Script] 長時間測試FTP穩定度

Script:

1 #!/bin/bash

2 while (true)

3 do

4 lftp $1 -u ftp,ftp -e "cd /pub;get file;bye"

5 lftp $1 -u ftp,ftp -e "cd /pub;put file;bye"

6 done

Explain:

Line4: 以ftp account登入到FTP Server，並透過-e的指令將多個指令合併依序執行(切換到pub/抓取file/登出FTP)。

Line5: 以ftp account登入到FTP Server，並透過-e的指令將多個指令合併依序執行(切換到pub/上傳file/登出FTP)。

How to execute:

server1:~/bin # ./ftpcon.sh 192.168.0.1

透過此script可以對DUT不間斷的做FTP下載與上傳的動作，FYI。

當然如果要做更advance的測試，建議用curl-loader應該會更好一點。

ITHome: 無線網路安全拉警報

詳見：

ITHome: 無線網路安全拉警報

正所謂害人之心不可有，防人之心不可無，這是篇好文章，你還在使用WEP或是WPA-PSK嗎？趕緊更換policy吧！

帽客計畫用Aircrack-ng來破解WEP method看看，當然一定是破解我自己的AP囉。

NBL - AP Router 排行賽

排行的結果:

http://www.nbl.org.tw/live_soho/

僅供參考 XD~

RHEL6

首先，真是好久沒有寫blog了！不是帽客懶而是最近公司的project還蠻緊的，所以無暇更新腦中的知識於blog上。

今天下午稍可喘息，想想Redhat曾對外宣稱2010 Q1會發表RHEL6，可是現在怎麼還是沒消息呢？

上google找了找，看一看，目前最新的版本是RHEL 5.5 beta，然後RHEL6預計要在Fedora13後release。（for details: Redhat Enterprise Linux wiki）

看來還得等一陣子。

買到國際版的Porter... Orz

帽客想說背個好一點的包包吧，加上目前在台灣Porter包還蠻多人背的，品質應該很不錯，結果上星期五跑去忠孝SOGO買了一款不便宜的Porter包(大約快六張小朋友)，沒想到這是International Porter....老實說買之前我根本沒做功課，誰知道台灣與日本Porter會有這段恩怨呢？哈～苦笑中。

我現在只期望雖品質沒日製的好(網路上大家都這麼說 Orz)，但也能讓我操個三年吧！暗藍色的顏色我還蠻喜歡的說，雖然它是International... 再次Orz.

Apple iPad announced

Apple總算是對外發表了Apple iPad平板式電腦，成為世界第一的Mobile vendor後讓我們看看iPad是否也可以很成功！

強大的awk

透過awk找出系統帳號中誰的預設shell是屬於bash，並統計有幾筆。
[root@centos bin]# awk -F: 'BEGIN{count=0};/bash/{count++}/bash/{print $1};END{print "TOTAL="count}' /etc/passwd

root

u1

u2

law

mysql

TOTAL=5

To setup IPSec in CentOS 5.4

這是一篇很精簡的設定方法，更詳細的步驟與說明建議還是至OpenSwan網站查詢。

Test Environment:

(172.17.1.100) IPSec VPN1 (10.12.95.3) ----- (10.12.95.2) IPSec VPN2 (172.17.2.100)

1. 安裝：

# yum install openswan*

2. 透過sysctl.conf修改Kernel參數：

修改Kernel相關參數，使得之後跑ipsec verify時不會出錯。

# vi /etc/sysctl.conf

*********************************************************************

# example entries for /etc/sysctl.conf

# forwarding is needed for subnet or l2tp connections

net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1

# rp_filter is stupid and cannot deal decrypted packets "appearing out of

# nowhere"

net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 0

# when using 1 interface for two networks, and in some other cases with

# NETKEY, the kernel thinks it can be clever but breaks things.

net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects = 0

net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects = 0

net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses = 1

net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians = 0

net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians = 0

# these are non-ipsec specific security policies you should use

net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0

net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0

net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects = 0

*********************************************************************

#sysctl -p

3. 套用並修改範例：

# cp/usr/share/doc/openswan-doc*/examples /etc/ipsec.d/hosttohost.conf

# vi /etc/hosttohost.conf

*********************************************************************

# sample connections

# This file is RCSID $Id: examples,v 1.5 1999/12/13 02:38:16 henry Exp $

# sample tunnel (manually or automatically keyed)

# Here we just use ESP for both encryption and authentication, which is

# the simplest and often the best method.

conn sample

# left security gateway (public-network address)

left=10.12.95.3

# next hop to reach right

#leftnexthop=10.44.55.66

# subnet behind left (omit if left end of the tunnel is just the s.g.)

leftsubnet=172.17.1.0/24

# right s.g., subnet behind it, and next hop to reach left

right=10.12.95.2

#rightnexthop=10.88.77.66

rightsubnet=172.17.2.0/24

# (manual) SPI number

#spi=0x200

# (manual) encryption/authentication algorithm and parameters to it

esp=3des-md5-96

#espenckey=[192 bits]

#espauthkey=[128 bits]

authby=secret

auto=add

*********************************************************************

4. 新增PSK:

# vi /etc/ipsec.secrets

*********************************************************************

include /etc/ipsec.d/*.secrets

10.12.95.3 10.12.95.2 : PSK "1234567890"

10.12.95.2 10.12.95.3 : PSK "1234567890"

5. 修改/etc/ipsec.conf

# vi /etc/ipsec.conf

*********************************************************************

# /etc/ipsec.conf - Openswan IPsec configuration file

#

# Manual: ipsec.conf.5

#

# Please place your own config files in /etc/ipsec.d/ ending in .conf

version 2.0 # conforms to second version of ipsec.conf specification

# basic configuration

config setup

# Debug-logging controls: "none" for (almost) none, "all" for lots.

# klipsdebug=none

# plutodebug="control parsing"

# For Red Hat Enterprise Linux and Fedora, leave protostack=netkey

protostack=netkey

nat_traversal=yes

virtual_private=

oe=off

# Enable this if you see "failed to find any available worker"

nhelpers=0

#You may put your configuration (.conf) file in the "/etc/ipsec.d/" and uncomment this.

include /etc/ipsec.d/*.conf

PS. 另外一邊的VPN gateway與以上的架設方法都一樣，只是將/etc/hosttohost.conf中的left與right的資訊對調即可。

6. 啟動IPSec:

# /etc/init.d/ipsec start

/usr/libexec/ipsec/addconn Non-fips mode set in /proc/sys/crypto/fips_enabled

ipsec_setup: Starting Openswan IPsec U2.6.21/K2.6.18-164.6.1.el5...

ipsec_setup: multiple ip addresses, using 10.12.95.3 on eth0

ipsec_setup: /usr/libexec/ipsec/addconn Non-fips mode set in /proc/sys/crypto/fips_enabled

7. 執行IPSec verify:

# ipsec verify

Checking your system to see if IPsec got installed and started correctly:

Version check and ipsec on-path [OK]

Linux Openswan U2.6.21/K2.6.18-164.6.1.el5 (netkey)

Checking for IPsec support in kernel [OK]

NETKEY detected, testing for disabled ICMP send_redirects [OK]

NETKEY detected, testing for disabled ICMP accept_redirects [OK]

Checking for RSA private key (/etc/ipsec.secrets) [OK]

Checking that pluto is running [OK]

Two or more interfaces found, checking IP forwarding [OK]

Checking NAT and MASQUERADEing [N/A]

Checking for 'ip' command [OK]

Checking for 'iptables' command [OK]

Opportunistic Encryption DNS checks:

Looking for TXT in forward dns zone: centos.example.com [MISSING]

Does the machine have at least one non-private address? [FAILED]

8. 建立IPSec tunnel:

# ipsec auto --up sample

104 "sample" #1: STATE_MAIN_I1: initiate

003 "sample" #1: received Vendor ID payload [Openswan (this version) 2.6.21 ]

003 "sample" #1: received Vendor ID payload [Dead Peer Detection]

003 "sample" #1: received Vendor ID payload [RFC 3947] method set to=109

106 "sample" #1: STATE_MAIN_I2: sent MI2, expecting MR2

003 "sample" #1: NAT-Traversal: Result using RFC 3947 (NAT-Traversal): no NAT detected

108 "sample" #1: STATE_MAIN_I3: sent MI3, expecting MR3

003 "sample" #1: received Vendor ID payload [CAN-IKEv2]

004 "sample" #1: STATE_MAIN_I4: ISAKMP SA established {auth=OAKLEY_PRESHARED_KEY cipher=aes_128 prf=oakley_sha group=modp2048}

117 "sample" #2: STATE_QUICK_I1: initiate

004 "sample" #2: STATE_QUICK_I2: sent QI2, IPsec SA established tunnel mode {ESP=>0xca7bd686 <0x193e1d71 xfrm="3DES_0-HMAC_MD5" natoa="none" natd="none" dpd="">

9. 測試:

# ping 172.17.2.100 -I 172.17.1.100 -c 10

PING 172.17.2.100 (172.17.2.100) from 172.17.1.100 : 56(84) bytes of data.

64 bytes from 172.17.2.100: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=1.65 ms

64 bytes from 172.17.2.100: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.716 ms

64 bytes from 172.17.2.100: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=1.16 ms

64 bytes from 172.17.2.100: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=1.41 ms

64 bytes from 172.17.2.100: icmp_seq=5 ttl=64 time=1.24 ms

64 bytes from 172.17.2.100: icmp_seq=6 ttl=64 time=1.17 ms

64 bytes from 172.17.2.100: icmp_seq=7 ttl=64 time=1.52 ms

64 bytes from 172.17.2.100: icmp_seq=8 ttl=64 time=0.544 ms

64 bytes from 172.17.2.100: icmp_seq=9 ttl=64 time=0.796 ms

64 bytes from 172.17.2.100: icmp_seq=10 ttl=64 time=1.58 m

Note:

此次使用的版本分別為：

openswan-doc-2.6.21-5.el5_4.1

openswan-2.6.21-5.el5_4.1

不同的版本間，example configure file有點差異，需請注意。

To setup Socks Server in CentOS5.4

工作需求，所以去架設了Socks4/5 Server來使用，在CentOS上安裝起來很容易且配置上也沒有多大的難度，在此筆記一下。

1. 抓取ss5 tarball檔：

預設的repos似乎沒有ss5，故自己抓個tarball檔下來安裝。

wget http://softlayer.dl.sourceforge.net/project/ss5/ss5/3.7.9-1/ss5-3.7.9-1.tar.gz
tar zxvf ss5-3.7.9-1.tar.gz

2. 安裝：

[root@server2 src]# tar zxvf ss5-3.7.9-1.tar.gz

[root@server2 ss5-3.7.9]# ./configure

[root@server2 ss5-3.7.9]# make

[root@server2 ss5-3.7.9]# make install

3. 配置：

找到auth與permit並將註解取消，注意我並沒有enable使用者需做認證的機制。

[root@server2 ~]# vi /etc/opt/ss5/ss5.conf

# SHost SPort Authentication

auth 0.0.0.0/0 - -

# Auth SHost SPort DHost DPort Fixup Group Band ExpDate

permit - 0.0.0.0/0 - 0.0.0.0/0 - - - - -

4. 啟動:

[root@server2 ~]# chkconfig --add ss5

[root@server2 ~]# chkconfig ss5 on

[root@server2 ~]# /etc/init.d/ss5 start

doneting ss5... [ OK ]

[root@server2 ~]#

5. 測試：

最後可透過FireFox來測試Socks4/5.

工具->選項->進階->設定->手動設定Proxy:

SOCKS主機: x.x.x.x Port: 1080

並選擇SOCKS v4或是SOCKS v5

To implement NFSv2,NFSv3 and NFSv4

NFSv2, NFSv3與NFSv4在Linux 2.6.x的kernel上，預設都是有支援的，不同的是需要對於server或client之前下達不同的參數以區別，以下分別就不同版本的實作簡單敘述：

1. NFS v3:

Server: exportfs *:/tmp

Client: mount 192.168.0.254:/tmp /mnt/nfs

2. NFS v2:

Server: exportfs *:/tmp

Client: mount -o nfsvers=2 192.168.0.254:/tmp /mnt/nfs

3. NFS v4:

Server: exportfs -o fsid=o *:/tmp

Client: mount -t nfs4 192.168.0.254:/tmp /mnt/nfs

References:

http://www.redhat.com/docs/manuals/enterprise/RHEL-4-Manual/ref-guide/s1-nfs-client-config.html

http://www.centos.org/docs/5/html/Deployment_Guide-en-US/ch-nfs.html

Path MTU discovery

What's Path MTU discovery:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_MTU_discovery

預設Linux box是把pmtud的機制打開的，可透過以下的kernel參數檢查：

cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_no_pmtu_disc

0 代表pmtud enable (default)

1 代表pmtud disable

以下是我實驗時的環境：

Remote Server (mtu=1500) ----- (mtu=1400) Linux NAT Box (mtu=1400) ----- Client (mtu=1500)

1. 從Client往Server端送出icmp packet size大於1400bytes但小於1500bytes的包，for example 1450 bytes, DF=1

2. Linux NAT Box將會回報封包需要分片！並透過icmp unreachable包告訴Client，本機的mtu為1400bytes

opensuse:~ # ping 10.12.64.220 -s 1450

PING 10.12.64.220 (10.12.64.220) 1450(1478) bytes of data.

From 10.12.95.3: icmp_seq=1 Frag needed and DF set (mtu = 1400)

From 10.12.95.3 icmp_seq=1 Frag needed and DF set (mtu = 1400)

1458 bytes from 10.12.64.220: icmp_seq=2 ttl=63 time=2.85 ms

1458 bytes from 10.12.64.220: icmp_seq=3 ttl=63 time=4.97 ms

1458 bytes from 10.12.64.220: icmp_seq=4 ttl=63 time=3.48 ms

此後將會保持一段時間不需要detect。

[Shell script] 自動開啟或關閉 vsftpd匿名登入機制

1 #!/bin/bash

2

3 vsftp_conf="/etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf"

4

5 if [ -f $vsftp_conf ]; then

6 if [ $# -ne 1 ]; then

7 echo "Parameters is not allow"

8 echo "usage: $0 on or $0 off"

9 exit 1

10 fi

11

12 case "$1" in

13 on) CMD='YES';;

14 off) CMD='NO';;

15 *)

16 echo "format error!"

17 exit 1

18 ;;

19 esac

20

21 if [ $CMD = 'YES' ]; then

22 sed 's/^.*anonymous_enable=.*/anonymous_enable=YES/' $vsftp_conf > /tmp/$$.vsftpd.conf

23 mv -f /tmp/$$.vsftpd.conf $vsftp_conf

24 /etc/init.d/vsftpd restart

25 else

26 sed 's/^.*anonymous_enable=.*/anonymous_enable=NO/' $vsftp_conf > /tmp/$$.vsftpd.conf

27 mv -f /tmp/$$.vsftpd.conf $vsftp_conf

28 /etc/init.d/vsftpd restart

29 fi

30 else echo "$vsftp_conf is not exist"

31 fi

說明:

列5 先判斷/etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf是否存在，若不存在則回報檔案不存在。(列30)

列6 判斷所傳入的引數是否為1個，若不是則回報錯誤並結束。 (列7~10)

列12-19 使用case，判斷是on, off或是格式有誤。

列21-24 若為on則設定anonymous_enable=YES，並重新啟動vsftpd。

列25-28 若為off則設定anonymous_enable=NO，並重新啟動vsftpd。

測試:

1. 允許匿名登入:

[root@centos bin]# ./vsftpd.sh on

Shutting down vsftpd: [ OK ]

Starting vsftpd for vsftpd: [ OK ]

[root@centos bin]# ftp localhost

Connected to localhost.localdomain.

220 (vsFTPd 2.0.5)

530 Please login with USER and PASS.

530 Please login with USER and PASS.

KERBEROS_V4 rejected as an authentication type

Name (localhost:root): ftp

331 Please specify the password.

Password:

230 Login successful.

Remote system type is UNIX.

Using binary mode to transfer files.

ftp>

2. 不允許匿名登入:

[root@centos bin]# ./vsftpd.sh off

Shutting down vsftpd: [ OK ]

Starting vsftpd for vsftpd: [ OK ]

[root@centos bin]# ftp localhost

Connected to localhost.localdomain.

220 (vsFTPd 2.0.5)

530 Please login with USER and PASS.

530 Please login with USER and PASS.

KERBEROS_V4 rejected as an authentication type

Name (localhost:root): ftp

331 Please specify the password.

Password:

530 Login incorrect.

Login failed.

ftp>

References:

Linux Shell 程式設計實務 P.305

TestShell Studio

今天下午參加了派恩科技所舉辦的新世代電子與網通產品自動化測試技術研討會，見識到了QualiSystems所研發的TestShell tools其強調並不需要programming的能力就能完成自動化測試的工作，讓我印象最為深刻的就是TestShell Studio，它能結合多種網通測試設備（IXIA，SmartBits and etc)，自訂commands，遠端控制DUT，錄製Web access action等等強大的功能以加快測試的速度！AWESOME！

只要把你腦海中的想法透過滑鼠Drag-&-drop，整個測試流程就完成了！我想這對於網通廠商來說是個非常有力的測試工具，也值得每個網通QA學習。

美中不足的是......

1. 沒有提供Trial version

2. 目前似乎沒有for Linux的版本